Archive for 十二月, 2009

張國棟:為甚麼竭力找出別人錯處,可會是一種不理性的表現?

張國棟:為甚麼竭力找出別人錯處,可會是一種不理性的表現?

這學期當思考方法課的助教,教授愛在課堂裡加入一些認知科學的知識。我剛在備課時讀到的以下的觀點。有耳可聽就應當聽:

…social psychologist Ziva Kunda … argues that people are indeed more likely to believe things they want to believe, but that their capacity to do so is contstrained by objective evidence and by their ability  "… to construct a justification of their desired conclusion that would persuade a dispassionate observer. They draw the desired conclusion only if they can muster up the evidence necessary to support it." It is informative in this respect that people generally think of themselves as objective. People rarely think that they hold a particular belief simply because they want to hold it, the evidence be damned. This sense of objectivity can nevertheless be illusory: Although people consider their beliefs to be closely tied to relevant evidence, they are generally unaware that the same evidence could be looked at differently, or that there is other, equally pertinent evidence to consider….

Our motivations thus influence our beliefs through the subtle ways we choose a comforting pattern from the fabric of evidence. One of the simplest and yet most powerful ways we do so lies in how we frame the very question we ask of the evidence… If we prefer to believe that a political assassination was not the work of a lone gunman, we may ask ourselves about the evidence that supports a conspiracy theory. …

A second way in which our motives influence the kind of evidence we entertain involves whose opinions, expert or otherwise, we consult… By judiciously choosing the right people to consult, we can increase our chances of hearing what we want to hear…

People’s preferences influence not only the kind of information they consider, but also the amount they examine….

Thomas Gilovich, How We Know What Isn’t So? Free Press, 1991, 80-83.

這位研究認知心理學的作者接著更以美化和醜化同性戀者感染愛滋病的機會率,來說明人們如何可以竭力找證據證明自己的立場,並以為自己很理性。

了解香港明光社陣營發展的朋友看到這裡,應該會會心微笑起來。

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誠然,現今香港教會信徒對很多社會課題(包括但不限於明光社提出的那些),其思考水平完全未能察覺──遑論超越──上述思考盲點。讀過《論盡明光社》的朋友應該會知道,我的評議是,他們若不願交給一些智囊式人士去研究,就應當閉口不言,而不是繼續在強化自己喜歡聽的結論,醜化自己不喜歡聽的結論。

那些愛支持明光社陣營的人,若是較有教育水平的,很愛吹噓他們的思想領導人──關啟文博士──經常把正反意見的書都讀遍,令對手驚訝原來對方比自己更熟悉自己的思想立場。然而,一,這只是關那方的人想當然地認為別人被聰明絕頂的關教授嚇壞,但別人是否如此想卻不得而知,二,有讀過不等於讀通,正如上引文字所說,若您的心態只是一味的找對方錯處,您總會找到很多的,您也總會自以為很理性和公平的。然而,事實卻可以不是這樣。

這些盲點其實是任可人皆無法避免的,所以我不是為著這個來大興問罪之師。然而宗教群體多少會比別人較容易自以為擁有真理,因此在論點建構時傾向更加「嚴以待人、寬以待己」。如此,問題出在這個香港基督教圈子究竟有多虛心接受批評,並且,作為一個群體,這圈子究竟有多少輿論空間/容納異見的制度,來減少這些盲點成為整個群體的盲目和非理性立場?正如拙著指出,香港基督教群體在這幾方面都是十分差勁的,而近兩年《時代論壇》等教報裡經常出現的、立場與明光社陣營十分相近的那些文章,其作用只是在強化自己的想法,沒有半點反省作用。有反省作用的文章(不少是由我執筆的),通常最終都無法在較多讀者看到的地方刊登,甚至無法刊登(噢,字數過多)。我不滿,最主要原因不是「我」的文章無法刊登,畢竟我不稀罕在那裡的曝光率,而是這類文章已經那麼少,編輯們還要諸多留難,這對這群體改善思考水平的層面上,會造成很大的傷害。這些,又有誰關心?正如吳敏倫嘲笑說,關起門自稱打遍天下無敵手,有甚麼用?在此,我們尤其看到明光社陣營不斷把異見聲音醜化為十惡不赦的極端自由主義者壓逼宗教的大陰謀的手法,原來有一個十分嚴重的自癈武功的後果--就是建立了一種封閉系統,把任何批評都說成大陰謀,令自己在思想上無法承認原來自己有可能是錯的。

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